American Indian Wars essays

American Indian Wars essays There is perhaps a tendency to view the record of the military in terms of conflict, that may be why the U.S. Armys operational experience in the quarter century following the Civil War became known as the Indian wars. Previous struggles with the Indian, dating back to colonial times, had been limited. There was a period where the Indian could withdraw or be pushed into vast reaches of uninhabited and as yet unwanted territory in the west. By 1865 the safety valve was fast disappearing. As the Civil War was closed, white Americans in greater numbers and with greater energy than before resumed the quest for land, gold, commerce, and adventure that had been largely interrupted by the war. The besieged red man, with white civilization pressing in and a main source of livelihood, the buffalo, threatened with extinction, was faced with a fundamental choice: surrender or fight. Many chose to fight, and over the next 25 years the struggle ranged over the plains, mountains, and the des erts of the American West. These guerrilla wars were characterized by skirmishes, pursuits, raids, massacres, expeditions, battles, and campaigns of varying size and intensity. In 1865, there was a least 15 million buffalo, ten years later, fewer than a thousand remained. The army and the Bureau of Indian Affairs went along with and even encouraged the slaughter of the animals. By destroying the buffalo herds, the whites were destroying the Indians main source of food and supplies. The only thing the Indians could do was fight to preserve their way of life. There was constant fighting among the Indian and whites as the Indians fought to keep their civilization. Indian often retaliated against the whites for earlier attacks that whites had imposed on them. They often attacked wagon trains, stage coaches, and isolated ranches. When the army became more involved in the fighting, the Indians started to focus on the white soldiers. I...

Major Literary Publications of the Harlem Renaissance

Major Literary Publications of the Harlem Renaissance The Harlem Renaissance is a period in American History marked by an explosion of expression by African-American and Caribbean writers, visual artists and musicians. Established and supported by organizations such as the  National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the National Urban League (NUL), Harlem Renaissance artists explored themes such as legacy, racism, oppression, alienation, rage, hope and pride through the creation of novels, essays, plays, and poetry. In its 20-year spanfrom 1917 to 1937Harlem Renaissance writers created an authentic voice for African-Americans that showed their humanity and desire for equality in United States society. 1917 Asa Philip Randolph and Chandler Owen co-found the political and literary magazine, The Messenger. 1919 Writer and educator Jessie Redmon Fauset  becomes the literary editor of the NAACPs publication, The Crisis. 1922 Claude McKay publishes his first volume of poetry, Harlem Shadows. The collection is considered the first major text of the Harlem Renaissance.James Weldon Johnsons anthology, Book of American Negro Poetry, is published.​ 1923 Jean Toomers Cane is published.The NUL establishes the journal, Opportunity. Charles S. Johnson serves as the journals editor. 1924 As editor of Opportunity, Johnson hosts a dinner at the Civic Club in New York City. This dinner is considered the official launching of the Harlem Renaissance. 1925 The literary magazine, Survey Graphic, publishes a special issue, Harlem: Mecca of the New Negro. The issue is edited by Alain Locke.Color, Countee Cullens first collection of poetry is published. 1926 Locke edits the anthology, The New Negro. The collection is an expanded version of Survey Graphics, Harlem issue.Langston Hughes publishes his first book of poetry, The Weary Blues.The short-lived literary and artistic magazine, Fire!! is published. Hughes, Wallace Thurman, Zora Neale Hurston, Aaron Douglas and Richard Bruce Nugent are founding editors of the magazine.White writer Carl Van Vechten publishes Nigger Heaven. 1927 James Weldon Johnsons collection of poems, Gods Trombones, inspired by sermons of African-American preachers is published. 1928 McKay publishes his first novel, Home to Harlem. The text becomes the first bestselling novel by an African-American author. 1929 Thurman publishes his first novel, The Blacker the Berry. 1930 Hughes novel, Not Without Laughter, is published.Journalist George Schuyler publishes the satirical novel, Black No More. 1932   Sterling Browns  collection of poetry, Southern Road, is published. 1933 Public Works Administration (PWA) and Works Progress Administration (WPA) are established. Both agencies provide jobs to many African-American artists, such as Hurston. 1937 Hurstons second novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God, is published. The novel is considered the last novel of the Harlem Renaissance.

Sexual offence Investigation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sexual offence Investigation - Assignment Example The overview of laws will be provided and their efficiency will be evaluated. According to the statistics, 20-40% of girls and 1 out of 6 boys become victims of undesirable sexual contacts until they become 18. The so-called â€Å"rule of silence† around the theme of sexual offence allows to assume that such cases happen much more often. Sexual violence takes place when a personality, a child or an adult, is used by an older or stronger individual for the satisfaction of his own sexual desires. There are many kinds of violence: verbal, visual and physical contact without victim’s consent. In order to understand the nature and the consequences of sexual aggression in relation to children, it is essential to realize that the offence happens in the context of relations with a adult, who was supposed to defend a child and take care of it. In the majority of cases the offence is committed by an adult who has an easy access to child and has a certain power over it. Usually it is a relative or a friend of a family. In 12% of cases, which become known, a child is offended by a person, who was unknown to a child. The majority of offenders are men and they are usually much older than their victims. A great number of researches held in the USA, Great Britain, France, Germany proved that the growth of sexual crimes is connected with the development of pornographic industry. In 2003 the Sexual Offences Act was issued in Great Britain. According to this Act, any sexual contact with a person under 12 years is considered to be a sexual offence and the only possible punishment for that is imprisonment for life. However, the hard punishment for sexual offenders is only half the work. It is important to exercise control over the released criminal, whose crime is connected with sexual offence. Thus, the Violent and Sex Offender Register (ViSOR) was introduced in 2003 under the Sexual Offences Act